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The Fungi
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Pyrenochaeta spp.
(described by de Not in 1849)
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Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Class: Euascomycetes
Order: Dothideales
Family: Lophiostomataceae
Genus: Pyrenochaeta
Pyrenochaeta is a dematiaceous filamentous fungus that inhabits the soil and plant debris, particularly in tropical climates. Pyrenochaeta species are pathogens for various plant species and among the rare causes of some specific human infections.
The genus Pyrenochaeta contains three active species; Pyrenochaeta mackinnonii, Pyrenochaeta unguis-hominis, and Pyrenochaeta romeroi. The color and texture of the colony help in differentiation of the species from eachother [531]. While many isolates previously identified as Madurella grisea have been reidentified as Pyrenochaeta romeroi, some authorities believe that Pyrenochaeta romeroi should be classified in the genus Phoma.
See the list of obsolete names, synonyms, and telemorphs for Pyrenochaeta spp.
Pyrenochaeta romeroi has been isolated from cases with mycetoma. The grains are soft, irregular, and black with a subhyaline center. Pyrenochaeta unguis-hominis, on the other hand, has been isolated from the infected nails of some cases [673]. However, its role in development of onychomycosis remains questionable.
Colonies of Pyrenochaeta grow moderately rapidly. They are flat and woolly to cottony. From the front, the color is white initially and becomes olivaceous green to olivaceous gray. Reverse is dark [531, 2202].
Septate, hyaline to subhyaline hyphae, pycnidia, and conidia are observed. Pycnidia (sing. pycnidium; round or flask-shaped fruiting body containing conidia) are globose to flask-shaped and ostiolate. They are brown to black and have setae (rigid hair located on the pycnidia) arising from their upper portion. Phialides arise from the inner lining of the pycnidia. Conidia (2-4 x 1-2 µm) are one-celled, oval to cylindrical, hyaline, and straight or slightly curved [531, 2202].
Coniothyrium
Phoma
Phomopsis
Pleurophoma
Pyrenochaeta differs from Phoma by having setae.
No special precautions other than general laboratory precautions are required.
Very limited data are available. Ketoconazole, itraconazole [2313], and terbinafine [2308, 2309] appear active in vitro against Pyrenochaeta romeroi.
Ketoconazole has so far been used in treatment of cases with mycetoma due to Pyrenochaeta romeroi [2312].
PubMed
GenBank
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Pyrenochaeta romeroi, pycnidia have setae, conidia arise from phialides which are lining the inside of the pycnidium.
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References
531. de Hoog, G. S., J. Guarro, J. Gene, and M. J. Figueras. 2000. Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd ed, vol. 1. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
673. English, M. P. 1980. Infection of the finger-nail by Pyrenochaeta unguis-hominis. Br J Dermatol. 103:91-3.
2202. Sutton, D. A., A. W. Fothergill, and M. G. Rinaldi (ed.). 1998. Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi, 1st ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
2308. Venugopal, P. V., and T. V. Venugopal. 1994. Antifungal activity of allylamine derivatives. Indian J Med Res. 99:71-3.
2309. Venugopal, P. V., and T. V. Venugopal. 1995. Antimycotic susceptibility testing of mould-fungi with allylamines by disk diffusion. Indian J Med Sci. 49:109-13.
2312. Venugopal, P. V., and T. V. Venugopal. 1993. Treatment of eumycetoma with ketoconazole. Australas J Dermatol. 34:27-9.
2313. Venugopal, P. V., T. V. Venugopal, E. S. Ramakrishna, and S. Ilavarasi. 1993. Antimycotic susceptibility testing of agents of black grain eumycetoma. J Med Vet Mycol. 31:161-4.
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