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The Fungi
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Exserohilum spp.
(described by Leonard & Suggs in 1974)
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Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Class: Euascomycetes
Order: Pleosporales
Family: Pleosporaceae
Genus: Exserohilum
Exserohilum is a phaeoid or dematiaceous filamentous fungus. It is cosmopolitan in nature inhabiting plant material, particularly grasses, and soil. Teleomorphs are contained within the genus Setosphaeria.
The common clinical species includes E. rostratum and
E. longirostratum.
Exserohilum mcginisii is rarely reported. More than 20 other species are known worldwide, some of which are host-specific.
See the summary of synonyms and teleomorph-anamorph relations for Exserohilum spp.
Exserohilium is one of many genera that includes causative agents of phaeohyphomycosis. The more common species, E. rostratum, has been reported as an agent of cutaneous disease by Agarwal [17], in a child with leukemia [1559], and mimicking hermorrhagic herpes zoster [2240]. Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycoses were reported by Burges and Hsu [342], [1076]. Two cases of keratitis have been cited [73], [1465], as well as a fatal disseminated infection in a patient with aplastic anemia [110].
E. longirostratum was the etiologic agent in a corneal ulcer [303].
Exserohilum may be pathogenic to some plant species as well as being saprobic to numerous plant hosts, particularly Graminiae (grasses).
Exserohilum species grow rapidly on plant-based medium such as potato dextrose agar and produce woolly colonies that are pale initially but quickly become dark gray, to bluish-black to brownish-black with a black reverse [531], [2202].
Hyphae are septate and brown. Conidiophores may be up to 200 µmicro;m long, are septate, simple (non-branched), geniculate, and become paler near the apex. Conidia are various shades of brown and may range from less than 80 to greater than 100 µmicro;m in length, may be straight to distinctly curved, and contain 1 to over 12 septa. The feature all species share is a strongly protruding hilum from the basal cell [2202], [531]. Conidia may be slow to form in culture.
Phaeoid hyphae are frequently moniliform (bead-shaped) in host tissue [415].
Bipolaris,
Curvularia,
Dissitimurus,
Helminthosporium,
Drechslera
See key features for differentiating
Bipolaris, Curvularia, Drechslera, Exserohilum, and Helminthosporium under the genus description for Bipolaris.
No special precautions other than general laboratory precautions are required.
See pages for E. rostratum and E. longirostratum for in vito susceptibility data.
PubMed
GenBank
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Conidia
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References
17. Agarwal, A., and S. M. Singh. 1995. A case of cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exserohilum rostratum, its in vitro sensitivity and review of literature. Mycopathologia. 131:9-12.
73. Anandi, V., J. A. George, R. Thomas, K. N. Brahmadathan, and T. J. John. 1991. Phaeohyphomycosis of the eye caused by Exserohilum rostratum in India. Mycoses. 34:489-91.
110. Aquino, V. M., J. M. Norvell, K. Krisher, and M. M. Mustafa. 1995. Fatal disseminated infection due to Exserohilum rostratum in a patient with aplastic anemia: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis. 20:176-8.
303. Bouchon, C. L., D. L. Greer, and C. F. Genre. 1994. Corneal ulcer due to Exserohilum longirostratum. Am J Clin Pathol. 101:452-5.
342. Burges, G. E., C. T. Walls, and J. C. Maize. 1987. Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exserohilum rostratum in an immunocompetent host. Arch. Dermatol. 123:1346-50.
415. Chandler, F. W. 1985. Pathology of the mycoses in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Curr Top Med Mycol. 1:1-23.
531. de Hoog, G. S., J. Guarro, J. Gene, and M. J. Figueras. 2000. Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd ed, vol. 1. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
1076. Hsu, M. M., and J. Y. Lee. 1993. Cutaneous and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exserohilum rostratum. J Am Acad Dermatol. 28:340-4.
1465. Mathews, M. S., and S. V. Maharajan. 1999. Exserohilum rostratum causing keratitis in India. Med Mycol. 37:131-2.
1559. Moneymaker, C. S., J. L. Shenep, T. A. Pearson, M. L. Field, and J. J. Jenkins. 1986. Primary cutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to Exserohilum rostratum (Drechslera rostrata) in a child with leukemia. Pediatr Infect Dis. 5:380-2.
2202. Sutton, D. A., A. W. Fothergill, and M. G. Rinaldi (ed.). 1998. Guide to Clinically Significant Fungi, 1st ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore.
2240. Tieman, J. M., and B. B. Furner. 1991. Phaeohyphomycosis caused by Exserohilum rostratum mimicking hemorrhagic herpes zoster. J Am Acad Dermatol. 25:852-4.
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