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Bipolaris hawaiiensis
(M.B. Ellis) Uchida & Aragaki (1979)
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Colonies on potato dextrose agar at 25°C are initially white, soon becoming dark gray to black with a black reverse. Rapid growth. Texture is woolly to cottony.
Hyphae are septate and dark. Conidiophores may be up to 120 µm in length, are sympodial, geniculate, simple or branched, bearing conidia through pores or openings (poroconidia). Conidia measure 12-37 x 5-11 µm and have predominately 5-distosepta or pseudosepta (septa that do not extend to the cell wall with cells enclosed within sacs) and 6 cells. Conidia germinate from both poles.
The conidia of B. hawaiiensis have a more overall delicate look and are generally somewhat narrower than either B. spicifera or B. australiensis. Phaeohyphomycosis due to B. hawaiiensis ranges from superficial to systemic disease. Literature citations include subungual hyperkeratosis of a big toe [1960], subcutaneous infections [478], nasal phaeohyphomycosis [1239], invasive [1461], [396]and allergic fungal sinusitis [778], and allergic bronchopulmonary disease [1997]. Ocular mycoses include corneal ulcers [74], endogenous endophthalmitis [1739], and phaeohyphomycotic orbitopathy [1461]. It has also been cited as the etiololgic agent of fungal peritonitis [789] and granulomatous encephalitis [1586].
| AMB |
ITRA |
VORI |
FLU |
POSA |
| 0.125 µg/ml=1 |
0.03 µg/ml=4 |
0.25 µg/ml=4 |
8 µg/ml=2 |
0.03 µg/ml=1 |
| 0.25 µg/ml=4 |
0.06 µg/ml=3 |
0.5 µg/ml=4 |
16 µg/ml=1 |
|
| 0.5 µg/ml=1 |
|
|
32 µg/ml=1 |
|
| Drug/N |
AMB/6 |
ITRA/7 |
VORI/8 |
POSA/1 |
FLU/4 |
| MIC Range |
0.125-0.5 |
0.03-0.06 |
0.25-0.5 |
0.03 |
8-32 |
| MIC50 |
0.25 |
0.03 |
0.25 |
** |
** |
| MIC90 |
** |
** |
** |
** |
** |
* Fungus Testing Laboratory unpublished data (CLSI M38-A)
PubMed
GenBank
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References
74. Anandi, V., N. B. Suryawanshi, G. Koshi, A. A. Padhye, and L. Ajello. 1988. Corneal ulcer caused by Bipolaris hawaiiensis. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 26:301-6.
396. Castelnuovo, P., F. De Bernardi, C. Cavanna, F. Pagella, P. Bossolesi, P. Marone, and C. Farina. 2004. Invasive fungal sinusitis due to Bipolaris hawaiiensis. Mycoses. 47:76-81.
478. Costa, A. R., E. Porto, A. H. Tabuti, C. d. S. Lacaz, N. Y. Sakai-Valente, W. M. Maranhao, and M. C. Rodrigues. 1991. Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis caused by Bipolaris hawaiiensis. A case report. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo. 33:74-9.
778. Fryen, A., P. Mayser, H. Glanz, R. Fussle, H. Breithaupt, and G. S. de Hoog. 1999. Allergic fungal sinusitis caused by Bipolaris (Drechslera) hawaiiensis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 256:330-4.
789. Gadallah, M. F., R. White, M. A. el-Shahawy, F. Abreo, A. Oberle, and J. Work. 1995. Peritoneal dialysis complicated by Bipolaris hawaiiensis peritonitis: successful therapy with catheter removal and oral itraconazol without the use of amphotericin-B. American Journal of Nephrology. 15:348-52.
1239. Koshi, G., V. Anandi, M. Kurien, M. G. Kirubakaran, A. A. Padhye, and L. Ajello. 1987. Nasal phaeohyphomycosis caused by Bipolaris hawaiiensis. J. Med. Vet. Mycol. 25:397-402.
1461. Maskin, S. L., R. J. Fetchick, C. R. Leone, Jr., P. K. Sharkey, and M. G. Rinaldi. 1989. Bipolaris hawaiiensis-caused phaeohyphomycotic orbitopathy. A devastating fungal sinusitis in an apparently immunocompetent host. Ophthalmology. 96:175-9.
1586. Morton, S. J., K. Midthun, and W. G. Merz. 1986. Granulomatous encephalitis caused by Bipolaris hawaiiensis. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 110:1183-5.
1739. Pavan, P. R., and C. E. Margo. 1993. Endogenous endophthalmitis caused by Bipolaris hawaiiensis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [letter]. Amer. J. Ophthalmol. 116:644-5.
1960. Romano, C., A. Ghilardi, and L. Massai. 2004. Subungual hyperkeratosis of the big toe due to Bipolaris hawaiiensis. Acta Derm Venereol. 84:476-7.
1997. Saenz, R. E., W. D. Brown, and C. V. Sanders. 2001. Allergic bronchopulmonary disease caused by Bipolaris hawaiiensis presenting as a necrotizing pneumonia: case report and review of literature. Am J Med Sci. 321:209-12.
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