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Arthrographis spp.
(described by Cochet ex Sigler and Carmichael in 1976)
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Kingdom: Fungi
Phylum: Ascomycota
Class: Euascomycetes
Order: Eurotiales
Family: Eremomycetaceae
Genus: Arthrographis
Arthrographis is a cosmopolitan filamentous fungus isolated from soil and compost. The genus Pithoascus is the teleomorphic genus associated with Arthrographis.
Five species of Arthrographis have been described;[820, 2106]
- Arthrographis kalrae
- Arthrographis cuboidea
- Arthrographis lignicola
- Arthrographis pinicola
- Arthrographis alba
See the summary of synonyms and teleomorph-anamorph relations for the Arthrographis spp.
Arthrographis kalrae is the most clinically significant species affecting humans. This organism is a documented etiologic agent of mycetoma[547], photophobia in a contact lens wearer[1764], sinusitis and meningitis in an AIDS patient[435], and sinusitis and ophthalmitis in a healthy individual following trauma to the eye[2461]. Features of the other Arthrographis species include more rapid growth and cube-shaped arthroconidia in A. cuboidea, broader yellow arthroconidia in A. lignicola, cycloheximide sensitivity and floccose conidiomata in A. pinnicola, and a white colony that fails to grow at 37°C and lacks a yeast synanamorph in A. alba [820, 2106].
Its growth rate is variable. While some strains grow rapidly and reach a diameter of 3 to 9 cm after incubation at 25°C for 7 days on potato glucose agar, the others grow slowly reaching a colony diameter of only 0.5-1 cm in the specified conditions. The colonies are glabrous at the beginning and become downy, velvety or powdery by maturation. Radial ridges or folds may develop. The surface color is creamy white to pale yellow or tan. The reverse side is pale yellow to tan.
The ability of some Arthrographis species to grow at 45°C is useful for identification [435], [462],[531],[2144].
It produces hyaline, septate hyphae and hyaline, simple or branched, short conidiophores. Arthroconidia are formed either at tips of the conidiophores or at intercalary position along the hyphae. The arthroconidia formed at the tips are one-celled, cylindirical, smooth, and in chains, while those that are intercalary and arise from the undifferentiated hyphae are longer and narrower. The conidia are released by fission through double septa. Arthrographis may occasionally produce aleuriconidia as well, which are located on submerged hyphae. Primary cultures may yield yeast cells particularly when the colony is young. By aging, intercalary arthroconidia predominate while conidiophores disappear
[435, 462, 531, 2144].
Geotrichum, Oidiodendron, Scytalidium, and arthroconidial fungi with basidiomycetous relationships, such as Bjerkandera and Phlebia.
| STRUCTURE |
DIFFERENTIATION |
| Distinct conidiophores |
Arthrographis (+)
Geotrichum (-)
Scytalidium (-) |
| Grey pigmented conidiophores and conidia |
Arthrographis* (-)
Oidiodendron (+) |
*has hyaline conidiophores
No special precautions other than general laboratory precautions are required.
Chin-Hong et al [435] found that the isolate from the sphenoid fluid had low MICs to amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole. The isolate of Xi et al [2461] demonstrated somewhat higher MICs to amphotericin B,
5-fluorocytosine, fluconazole, and itraconazole. Miconazole had a relatively low MIC.
PubMed
GenBank
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Arthrographis
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References
435. Chin-Hong, P. V., D. A. Sutton, M. Roemer, M. A. Jacobson, and J. A. Aberg. 2001. Invasive fungal sinusitis and meningitis due to Arthrographis kalrae in a patient with AIDS. J Clin Microbiol. 39:804-807.
462. Collier, L., A. Balows, and M. Sussman. 1998. Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed, vol. 4. Arnold, London, Sydney, Auckland, New York.
531. de Hoog, G. S., J. Guarro, J. Gene, and M. J. Figueras. 2000. Atlas of Clinical Fungi, 2nd ed, vol. 1. Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
547. Degavre, B., J. M. Joujoux, M. Dandurand, and B. Guillot. 1997. First report of mycetoma caused by Arthrographis kalrae: successful treatment with itraconazole. J Am Acad Dermatol. 37:318-20.
820. Gené, J., J. M. Guillamón, K. Ulfig, and J. Guarro. 1996. Studies on keratinophilic fungi. X. Arthrographis alba sp. nov. Can. J. Microbiol. 42:1185-1189.
1764. Perlman, E. M., and L. Binns. 1997. Intense photophobia caused by Arthrographis kalrae in a contact lens-wearing patient. Am J Ophthalmol. 123:547-9.
2106. Sigler, L., Y. Yamaoka, and Y. Hiratsuka. 1990. Taxonomy and chemistry of a new fungus from bark beetle infected Pinus contorta var. latifolia. Part 1. Arthrographis pinicola sp. nov. Can J. Microbiol. 36:77-82.
2144. St-Germain, G., and R. Summerbell. 1996. Identifying Filamentous Fungi - A Clinical Laboratory Handbook, 1st ed. Star Publishing Company, Belmont, California.
2461. Xi, L., K. Fukushima, C. Lu, K. Takizawa, R. Liao, and K. Nishimura. 2004. First case of Arthrographis kalrae ethmoid sinusitis and ophthalmitis in the People's Republic of China. J Clin Microbiol. 42:4828-31.
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